ABSTRACT
Background: Emerging patterns in epidemiological transitions have led to increased risk for Non-Communicable Diseases and infectious conditions globally. Diabetes mellitus (DM) in a population is one such risk factor that could lead to the development of Tuberculosis (TB) due to weakened immune functions in affected persons, with implications for mortality. If not diagnosed early, DM also leads to poor treatment outcomes in TB. Objective: To assess the prevalence of DM and impaired glucose tolerance (pre-diabetes) among newly diagnosed tuberculosis cases in Ijebu-Ode Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 newly diagnosed Pulmonary TB patients in ljebu-Ode LGA. The patients were selected from four health facilities and were screened for elevated Fasting Blood Glucose levels using a laboratory spectrophotometer (glucose oxidase method). Results: The mean age of the 100 study participants was 33 years (± 9.82), with ages within 19 -62 years. Eleven (11.0%) had elevated blood glucose levels suggestive of DM, while 20 (20.0%) had impaired fasting blood glucose levels. Among these 31 patients, 18 (58.0%) were males while 13 (42.0%) were females. The modal ages were within 20-39 years. Conclusion: Screening for DM by healthcare providers should be routinely conducted before commencing TB patients on treatment. This will aid early detection, improve treatment outcomes of TB and prevent mortality among patients with these co-morbidities
Subject(s)
Adult , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnosis , Glucose Intolerance , Nigeria , Risk Factors , TuberculosisABSTRACT
Primary health care as stated in the Alma Ata declaration underscores the importance of health education as one of the key methods of preventing and controlling prevailing health problems. This study seeks to test the effect of health education on perception and treatment seeking behaviour among care givers of under fives in a rural setting in Ogun State, Nigeria. The study design was a quasi-experimental study carried out in Ijebu North Local Government Area of Ogun State. A multistage random sampling technique was used in choosing the required samples for this study and a semi- structured questionnaire was used to collect relevant information. The intervention consisted of a structured educational programme based on a course content adapted from the national malaria control programme. A total of 400 respondents were recruited into the study with 200 each in both the experimental and control groups and were followed up for a period of 3 months when the knowledge and treatment seeking behaviour was reassessed. There was no statistically significant differences observed between the experimental and control groups in terms of socio-dermographic characteristics such as age [p=0.99], marital status [p=0.48], religion [p=0.1], and income [p=0.51]. The highest proportion of mothers reported malaria [45% & 47%] in experimental and control groups respectively, followed by Upper respiratory tract infection [22% & 25%], diarrhoea and vomiting [14% & 17%], measles [12% & 15%], convulsion [8% & 11%] and others [3% & 5%]. Only 52.1% (experimental) and 48% (control) groups of mothers believed that fever can kill a child. Furthermore, about 40% (experimental) and 44% (control) groups believed fever was not fatal while 8.0% of both groups were not sure. Post intervention, these differences were not statistically significant. The proportion of those who got their source of information about prevention of fever from health worker increased from 60.0% (preintervention) to 95.0% (post-intervention) (p<0.001) compared to the control group which increased from 62.0% (pre-intervention) to 62.5% (post-intervention) (p>0.001). Furthermore, 72.9% & 50.8% of respondents in the experimental and control group respectively commenced treatment at the right time (first day of fever). There was a significant increase of 24.6% [p=0.001] post intervention in the experimental group with no significant change in the control [p=0.64]. The study concludes that a systematic health education programme to caregivers should be a component of Roll back Malaria programme in Africa. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment is essential to control of infection and this can only be effectively carried out by those at the frontline of care at home.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: This study was designed to describe occupational exposure, risk perception and access to prophylaxis for HIV/AIDS among the health care workers in Northern Nigeria. Methods: This study is an analytical cross-sectional study. Multistage sampling technique was used to obtain a representative sample and a structured selfadministered questionnaire was used to collect relevant information. Results: A total of 421 health care workers were interviewed, 5.2% reported percutaneous exposure to HIV infected blood or body fluids in the workplace in the last 6 months. Predictors of risk perception were working in public facilities [OR=2.28, C.I=1.26-4.15], male gender [OR=3.42, C.I=1.59-7.36] and training on infection control [OR=1.94, C.I=1.13-3.34]. Significantly more males [OR=2.33, C.I=1.12-4.94], those in public facilities [OR=5.85, C.I=1.97-19.48], urban facilities [OR=24.99, C.I=3.67-491.82] and those in tertiary facilities [[OR=17.96, C.I=6.04-59.99] reported a greater access to prophylaxis medication. Conclusion: The study concludes that male health care workers that are young, working in public facilities and have insufficient knowledge about HIV/AIDS have a high risk perception for HIV/AIDS while those in urban and public facilities especially tertiary facilities reported a ready access to prophylaxis medication. Uneven distribution of medication and other health care resources in Northern Nigeria and similar populations may contribute to increased casualty among the health care workers.
ABSTRACT
Background: Surgical site infections [SSI] are one of the most common nosocomial infections. This study was therefore carried out to determine the incidence and risk factors associated with surgical site infection among patients in a tertiary care center in Western Nigeria. Methods: The study was a 6 months Retrospective cohort study which reviewed case files obtained from the surgical departments. The study was carried out between 23rd January 2012 and 3rd february 2012 at Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Nigeria. Result: A total of 386 surgical patients were recruited into the study. The overall incidence rate of SSI was 13.0%. The children had the highest infection rate of 22.9%. Factors associated with SSI were Pre-existing Medical Condition [X2=70.76, p=0.00001] Department of Care [X2=11.68, p=0.039] and age[X2=9.50, p=0.05]. There was no statistically significant difference in the SSI rate among the respondents due to Sex [X2=1.74, p=0.187], Operation site [X2=9.01, p=0.109] and Occupation [X2=5.84, p=0.12]. Forty-nine (98.0%) out of the 50 clinical surgical site infections were culture-positive and 20 (40.0%) of them had polymicrobial infection. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Staphyloccocus aureus, 16 [32.7%] and E. Coli 17 [34.7]. Pre-existing medical condition [OR=0.46, C.I=0.36-0.59] and length of post operative stay in the hospital [OR=0.33, C.I=0.21-0.50] were predictors of risk of surgical site infection. Conclusion: The study suggests that pre-existing medical condition and length of post operative stay in the hospital were predictors of risk of surgical site infection. This suggest that home based care of surgical wounds in patients that are ambulatory should be encouraged.